Impact of Westernisation on Indian Society: M.N. Srinivas, a prominent sociologist, coined the term “Westernisation” to describe the profound changes that occurred in Indian society and culture during over 150 years of British rule. It’s essential to note that “Westernisation” is ethically neutral, implying neither good nor bad.

Key Characteristics of Westernisation

1. Inclusivity: Westernisation is adaptable, welcoming various external elements.
2. Complexity: It encompasses multiple facets, including behaviors, knowledge, and more.
3. Multilayered: It manifests in various levels – technological, institutional, ideological, and values.
4. Emphasis on Humanitarianism and Rationalism: Westernisation underscores these values.
5. Cultural Focus: It primarily centers on cultural transformations.
6. Introduction of New Institutions: Westernisation introduces new institutions while also reforming existing ones.

Srinivas observed contradictory situations arising from westernisation. For instance, the adoption of Western technology doesn’t necessarily imply an acceptance of rationalism and scientific thinking. This is exemplified by the case of the bulldozer driver in Rampura village, who practiced black magic despite operating modern machinery.

Primary Westernisation and Changes in Little Tradition

Primary Westernisation denotes changes induced by Western influence on the Indian “Little Tradition.” This transformation includes the emergence of Westernised sub-cultural patterns.

Two significant classes emerged:

1. Commercial Mediator Class: Comprising diverse groups like “Baniyas” in Kolkata, “Brahmins” in Chennai, and “Parsis” in Mumbai, this class served as a cultural bridge between Indians and the British. They adopted Western elements and facilitated their proliferation.
2. English Educated Class: This class burgeoned due to the establishment of Western-style educational institutions. These institutions not only disseminated knowledge but also instilled Western values, leading to social and cultural reformation movements.

The second type of primary westernisation pertains to the general diffusion of Western cultural traits, influencing various segments of society, both urban and rural.

Secondary Westernisation in Great Tradition

Secondary westernisation is deeply ingrained in Indian society, stemming from:

1. Impact of Reform Movements: These movements played a pivotal role in introducing new institutions and reshaping existing ones.
2. Role of Nationalist Leaders: Leaders of the national movement contributed to this process.
3. Accumulated Effects: Changes in the “little tradition” accumulated, further influencing the “great tradition.”

This process led to the establishment of a universalistic legal system, expanding modern education, and fostering a wider national network of transportation and communication.

Changes Induced by Westernisation

1. Industrialisation and Urbanisation: Westernisation facilitated the advent of industrial centres and urbanisation.
2. Introduction of New Institutions: Elements like election systems and Christian missions were introduced.
3. Modification of Old Institutions: British Procedural law addressed longstanding inequalities.
4. Legal System Transformation: A universal legal system emphasizing equality and equity replaced the hierarchical, particularistic system.
5. Humanitarianism: Hospitals and orphanages were established.
6. Behavioral Changes: Dining habits transitioned from sitting on the floor to using dining tables.
7. Dietary Shifts: Even Brahmins, traditionally vegetarian, began to adopt non-vegetarian diets.
8. Educational Reforms: Westernisation introduced a modern, universal educational system.
9. Shift from Ascribed to Achieved Status: Merit gained importance over inherited status.
10. Transportation and Communication Networks: Railways, roadways, post, and telegraph systems broke regional isolation.
11. Growth of Nationalism: The establishment of national congresses fostered nationalist sentiment.
12. Introduction of New Ideals: Concepts like ‘welfare state’ and ‘parliamentary democracy’ were embraced.

While acceptance of Western elements faced resistance during British rule, social reformers and activists championed radical changes, incorporating Western ideas. Post-independence, Western values are increasingly integrated into Indian culture and lifestyle.

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