The heroism and determination of the Indian people became evident during the Revolt of 1942 and the activities of the Indian National Army (INA). The subsequent struggle manifested as a widespread movement against the trial of INA soldiers and officers. Notably, Generals Shah Nawaz, Gurdial Singh Dhillon, and Prem Sehgal, all former officers in the British Indian Army, faced trial in the Red Fort at Delhi. Despite the Court Martial finding them guilty, the British Government, acknowledging the overwhelming support and demonstrations from the Indian public, decided to release the INA prisoners, recognizing them as national heroes.

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The changed attitude of the British Government is explained by the following factors −

• The aftermath of World War II shifted global power dynamics, with the United States and the Soviet Union emerging as major powers that supported India’s quest for independence.
• Despite being victorious, Britain’s economic and military strength was severely depleted after the war.
• After six years of wartime sacrifice, there was little willingness among British forces to prolong their stay in India and suppress the ongoing struggle for freedom.
• The British Indian Government faced a loss of confidence in relying on Indian personnel within its civil administration and armed forces to quell the national movement, exemplified by the notable revolt of Indian naval ratings in Bombay in February 1946.
• The determined mood of the Indian people reflected their unwillingness to endure the humiliation of foreign rule any longer.
• Widespread labor unrest and mass strikes erupted across the country, contributing to the challenging circumstances faced by the British in maintaining control.

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Cabinet Mission

• In March 1946, recognizing the need for negotiations, the British Government dispatched the Cabinet Mission to engage with Indian leaders for the orderly transfer of power.
• The proposed federal plan by the Cabinet Mission aimed at a two-tiered structure, ensuring regional autonomy while preserving national unity.
• The federation would comprise provinces and states, with the federal center overseeing defense, foreign affairs, and communications.
• Both the National Congress and the Muslim League initially accepted this plan, yet disagreements arose over the formation of an interim government tasked with convening a constituent assembly for framing a constitution for a free, federal India.
• In September 1946, the Congress formed an Interim Cabinet led by Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Despite initial hesitation, the Muslim League joined the Cabinet in October but chose to boycott the constituent assembly, emphasizing differing interpretations of the earlier-agreed Cabinet Mission scheme.

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