Concerns about the EBP Programme refuse to die down in Andhra Pradesh, with scientists and farmers saying water resources are depleting and emissions from factories are polluting the air, water, and soil.
Relevance
GS Paper: GS-3 (Environment, Energy, Economy)
Themes: Biofuels, Pollution, Water Scarcity, Agricultural Impact, Industrial Policies
Key Highlights
Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme Expansion
- Introduced in 2001 as a pilot project.
- Government target advanced to 20% ethanol blending by 2025 instead of 2030.
- Aims to reduce oil imports, carbon emissions, and increase farmers’ income.
Environmental & Social Concerns
- Water Consumption: 8-12 litres of water needed per litre of ethanol production.
- Rivers & Groundwater Stress: Perennial rivers like Krishna run lean, leading to groundwater depletion.
- Chemical Emissions: Factories release acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acrolein, not covered in environmental clearance norms.
- Public Health Risks: Many factories are located near human settlements without public hearings.
Protests & Governance Issues
- Ongoing protests in Andhra Pradesh’s Gumaladoddi, Gandepalli, Arogolanu villages since 2024.
- Pollution Control Board failed to act on violations since 2008 despite factory complaints.
- Government relaxed environmental clearance rules to speed up C₂H₆O production.
Debate on Sustainability
- Ethanol reduces CO₂ emissions (20% blend cuts CO₂ by 30%), but factory emissions pose new risks.
Environmentalists vs. Industrialists:
- Environmentalists argue biofuel production is making fuel more harmful.
- Industries cite high pollution control costs and rigid regulations.
Analysis & Way Forward
- Ethanol as an alternative fuel is beneficial, but unregulated water use and pollution pose risks.
Policy Recommendations:
- Stronger oversight on ethanol factories.
- Mandatory public hearings & stricter pollution controls.
- Water-efficient technologies for ethanol production.
Mains Mock Question
“Ethanol blending is seen as a solution for energy security and pollution control, but it raises concerns about water depletion and industrial emissions. Critically analyze the impact of ethanol production in India.”
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