Global Scenario:
While China has already permitted the commercial planting of genetically modified trees. Numerous countries, including India, are currently engaged in experimental trials with various tree varieties. For instance, in 2002, China greenlit commercial plantations of two genetically engineered insect-resistant poplar tree varieties. Similarly, Malaysia has planted around 1.4 million genetically engineered poplar trees on 300-500 hectares of land. In June 2021, the Rubber Board received approval from the Assam government to conduct field trials for genetically engineered rubber trees.
Pros and Cons of Genetically Engineered Trees:
Pros:
- Development of disease-resistant trees, reducing the risk of species loss due to pests, fungi, etc.
- Genetically engineered tree varieties may hold significant commercial value.
- Potential for achieving self-sufficiency and reducing the need for exports.
Cons:
- Once released, it may be challenging to track or reverse the spread of genetically engineered trees.
- Possible competition for nutrients with native plant species and potential disruption of animal and insect species that rely on them.
- Evolution of pathogens over time, leading to resistance to genetic modifications and the emergence of superbugs.
- Concerns about the impact of genetically engineered trees on indigenous communities, as biodiversity plays a crucial role in local economies and holds cultural significance, including sacred sites.
- The potential for private companies to prioritize profit-driven development of genetically engineered trees, raising concerns about monopolistic tendencies.
Genetic Engineering in India:
In India, the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), operating under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), serves as a statutory body responsible for evaluating proposals related to the release of genetically engineered organisms and products into the environment, including experimental field trials. So far, the cultivation of genetically modified cotton is the only genetically engineered crop approved in India.
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