UPSC Study Material

 The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, thrived around 3300–1300 BCE. Key features include advanced urban planning, well-developed drainage systems, standardized weights and measures, and a script that remains undeciphered. Cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were major centers.

These sample questions and answers cover a range of World Geography topics. Ensure to supplement your study materials with current affairs, case studies, and additional readings to enhance your understanding and stay updated on relevant issues.

The decline is debated, but factors like environmental changes, natural disasters, and shifts in trade routes may have played a role. Evidence suggests a gradual decline rather than a sudden collapse.

These sample questions and answers cover a range of World Geography topics. Ensure to supplement your study materials with current affairs, case studies, and additional readings to enhance your understanding and stay updated on relevant issues.

The Rigveda, the oldest of the four Vedas, is a collection of hymns dedicated to various deities. It provides insights into the religious, social, and cultural aspects of the Vedic society. The hymns are in Sanskrit and offer glimpses into early Hindu beliefs and practices.

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The Vedic period saw the emergence of the varna system, dividing society into four main classes: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (merchants), and Shudras (laborers). This laid the foundation for the later caste system.

These sample questions and answers cover a range of World Geography topics. Ensure to supplement your study materials with current affairs, case studies, and additional readings to enhance your understanding and stay updated on relevant issues.

The Mauryan Empire, under Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, had a centralized bureaucracy and a strong military. The Gupta Empire, while maintaining central control, allowed local rulers more autonomy, fostering cultural and economic growth.

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The Gupta period is known as the “Golden Age of Indian Art.” Achievements include the development of classical Sanskrit literature, advancements in science and mathematics, and the creation of exquisite sculptures and paintings.

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Indo-Islamic architecture amalgamated Islamic and indigenous styles. Notable features include the use of arches, domes, minarets, and calligraphy. The Qutub Minar and the Taj Mahal are iconic examples.

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The Mughals, especially under Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, contributed significantly to Indian art. The Taj Mahal is a prime example of Mughal architecture, showcasing intricate detailing, symmetry, and a fusion of Persian and Indian styles.

These sample questions and answers cover a range of World Geography topics. Ensure to supplement your study materials with current affairs, case studies, and additional readings to enhance your understanding and stay updated on relevant issues.

The Bhakti movement emphasized a personal and devotional connection with the divine, transcending caste and creed. It played a crucial role in integrating various regional cultures and fostering a sense of unity among the masses.

These sample questions and answers cover a range of World Geography topics. Ensure to supplement your study materials with current affairs, case studies, and additional readings to enhance your understanding and stay updated on relevant issues.

Sufi saints focused on a direct, personal experience of the divine through mysticism and love. They preached tolerance, love, and simplicity, bridging gaps between different religious communities.

Sufi saints focused on a direct, personal experience of the divine through mysticism and love. They preached tolerance, love, and simplicity, bridging gaps between different religious communities.