Indian Medieval Architecture

During the 6th to 13th century, medieval architecture in India flourished, featuring iconic structures like Qutub Minar and Quwwat-ul-Islam. Noteworthy examples include Bengal’s Adina Mosque and Tomb of Jalal-ud-Muhammad Shah, Jaunpur’s Atala Mosque, Malwa’s Mandu-style buildings, and the Tomb of Hoshang Shah. Other provinces contributed with distinctive structures like the Domes of Bijapur in Kashmir, Madrasa of Mahmud Gava, and Karnataka’s temples such as Hampi Vithala Swami and Hazar Rama.

Features of Indian Medieval Architecture

Islamic Influence: With the advent of Islamic rulers, architecture saw the incorporation of Persian and Islamic design elements, such as domes, minarets, and intricate geometric patterns.
Indo-Islamic Fusion: A synthesis of indigenous Indian and Islamic architectural styles led to unique structures like the Qutub Minar and Quwwat-ul-Islam, showcasing a blend of Hindu and Islamic elements.
Use of Domes and Minarets: Domes and minarets became prominent features, especially in mosques and tombs. The Qutub Minar is a notable example, featuring a towering minaret with intricate carvings.
Courtyards and Gardens: Islamic gardens with flowing water channels and courtyards became integral to architectural design, offering a sense of serenity and beauty. The Taj Mahal’s Charbagh is a classic illustration.
Fortifications and Palaces: Many medieval structures served defensive purposes, featuring strong fortifications. Royal palaces, such as those in Rajasthan, showcased opulent architecture with courtyards, balconies, and ornate interiors.
Hindu Temples: While Islamic architecture dominated, Hindu temples continued to be built, featuring intricate sculptures, multiple shrines, and towering spires (shikharas). Examples include the temples at Khajuraho and Hampi.
Regional Variations: Different regions contributed distinct styles. For instance, the Bengal region featured structures like the Adina Mosque, displaying a blend of indigenous and Islamic influences.
Use of Local Materials: Builders often utilized locally available materials, such as stone, brick, and wood, adapting to regional climatic conditions.
The architecture of medieval India reflects a rich tapestry of cultural, religious, and regional influences, creating a diverse and visually captivating heritage.

Mamluk Indian Medieval Architecture

The Mamluk style of architecture in India refers to the architectural influence of the Mamluk Sultanate, the first Islamic dynasty to rule over the Indian subcontinent. The Mamluk Sultanate, also known as the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1290), left a significant mark on Indian architecture during its early years. Here are some key features of the Mamluk style of architecture in India:

Indo-Islamic Fusion: The Mamluk architecture reflects a fusion of Islamic and Indian elements. Builders combined traditional Indian building techniques with Islamic architectural features.
Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque: The Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, located in Delhi, is a prime example of Mamluk architecture. It was initially constructed using materials from demolished Hindu and Jain temples, showcasing a blend of Hindu craftsmanship and Islamic design.
Qutub Minar: Built during the Mamluk period and expanded by subsequent rulers, the Qutub Minar is a towering minaret with distinct Indo-Islamic architectural features. The minaret is adorned with intricate carvings and verses from the Quran.
Arches and Domes: Mamluk architecture incorporated pointed arches and domes, characteristic of Islamic design. These elements can be observed in various structures, emphasizing the influence of Central Asian and Persian architectural styles.
Alai Darwaza: Commissioned by Alauddin Khilji, the Alai Darwaza at the Qutub Complex is an imposing gateway showcasing Persian and Islamic architectural motifs, including geometric patterns and calligraphy.
Jali (Lattice) Work: Intricate jali work, or lattice screens, became a common feature in Mamluk architecture. These finely carved screens were used in windows, allowing for ventilation while maintaining privacy.

The Mamluk style laid the foundation for subsequent Islamic architectural developments in India. Over time, as different dynasties came to power, architectural styles evolved, leading to the emergence of unique regional styles during the medieval period.

Khilji Indian Medieval Architecture

The Khilji Dynasty, which ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1290 to 1320, contributed to the architectural landscape with structures that reflected both Islamic and regional influences. Here are key features of Khilji Dynasty architecture in India:

Alai Darwaza: Constructed by Ala-ud-din Khilji, the Alai Darwaza is a prominent gateway located at the Qutub Complex in Delhi. It exhibits a blend of Islamic and Indo-Islamic architectural elements, including intricate geometric patterns, calligraphy, and a pointed arch.
Jama Masjid, Khilji: Ala-ud-din Khilji also initiated the construction of the Jama Masjid in Delhi. Although it was later completed by subsequent rulers, the mosque showcases the characteristic features of Khilji architecture, such as a large prayer hall, minarets, and decorative elements.
Extension of Qutub Minar: The Qutub Minar, initially constructed during the Mamluk period, was expanded by the Khilji rulers. The extension, known as Alauddin Khilji’s Qutub Minar, includes distinctive features like a different style of fluting on the minaret.
Use of Red Sandstone: Similar to earlier dynasties, the Khilji Dynasty continued the use of red sandstone as a primary building material. This material not only provided durability but also maintained a visual continuity with earlier structures.
Tughlaqabad Fort: Although more associated with the Tughlaq Dynasty that succeeded the Khiljis, Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, the founder of the Tughlaq Dynasty and a high-ranking official under Alauddin Khilji, initially built the Tughlaqabad Fort.The fort reflects military architecture with massive walls and bastions.

The Khilji Dynasty’s architectural legacy is an important phase in the evolution of Islamic architecture in India. While not as extensively documented as some other periods, the structures attributed to the Khiljis offer insights into the architectural preferences and influences of the time.

Tughlaq Indian Medieval Architecture

The Tughlaq Dynasty, which ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1320 to 1414, made significant contributions to architecture. Tughlaq architecture features a unique blend of Islamic, Persian, and Indian influences.

Tughlaqabad Fort: Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, the founder of the Tughlaq Dynasty, built the massive Tughlaqabad Fort in Delhi. Known for its colossal walls and bastions, the fort reflects a combination of military and architectural prowess. The construction materials used include locally available quartzite and red sandstone.
Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq: Ghiyas-ud-din’s tomb, located near the Tughlaqabad Fort, is an octagonal structure with a large dome. The tomb reflects the Tughlaq architectural style with its use of sloping walls and intricate detailing.
Jahanpanah: Muhammad bin Tughlaq, known for his ambitious but largely unsuccessful projects, founded the city of Jahanpanah as a new capital near Delhi. The city’s layout included residential areas, markets, and a palace, showcasing the Tughlaq penchant for grand urban planning.
Feroz Shah Kotla: Feroz Shah Tughlaq, another prominent ruler of the dynasty, constructed the Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi. The complex includes a large fortress, a mosque, and a palace. Feroz Shah Kotla erected the Ashokan Pillar, brought from Topra, at Feroz Shah Kotla.
During Feroz Shah Tughlaq’s reign, he revived and expanded the Hauz Khas complex in Delhi, originally built by Alauddin Khilji, by constructing reservoirs.
Madrasa Buildings: The Tughlaqs constructed madrasas (educational institutions) with unique architectural features. One example is the Madrasa of Feroz Shah Tughlaq, which exhibits a combination of traditional Islamic and Tughlaq architectural elements.

The Tughlaq architectural legacy characterizes itself through bold experimentation, adaptive reuse of materials, and the construction of massive forts and tombs.Despite facing challenges and controversies during their rule, the Tughlaqs left an indelible mark on the architectural history of medieval India.

Lodi Indian Medieval Architecture

The Lodi Dynasty, which ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1451 to 1526, marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate era. The architecture of the Lodi period is characterized by simplicity and a return to the use of indigenous materials. Here are key features of Lodi Dynasty architecture.

Sikandar Lodi’s Tomb: Sikandar Lodi’s tomb is one of the earliest examples of Lodi architecture. The tomb is octagonal in shape with a large dome and features a courtyard with an adjoining mosque. The simplicity of design and lack of excessive ornamentation distinguish it from the elaborate structures of earlier dynasties.
Muhammad Shah’s Tomb: The tomb of Muhammad Shah exhibits similar characteristics, including an octagonal plan and a large dome. The absence of a traditional enclosure wall contributes to the open and uncluttered feel of the tomb.
Shish Gumbad: Shish Gumbad, which means “Glass Dome,” is another prominent structure in Lodi Gardens. Adorning itself with blue and turquoise tiles, the square tomb features an octagonal turret, giving it a distinct appearance.
Use of Local Materials: Unlike some earlier dynasties that utilized materials from demolished temples, the Lodi architects relied on local materials like red sandstone. This reflects a departure from the trend of repurposing materials from previous structures.
Open Courtyards: Lodi architecture often featured open courtyards, contributing to a sense of spaciousness and simplicity. This design choice is visible in the tombs and mosques constructed during this period.

The Lodi Dynasty’s architectural style is considered a precursor to the Mughal architecture that followed. The emphasis on simplicity, the use of indigenous materials, and the exploration of geometric forms laid the groundwork for the more elaborate structures of the Mughal period.

Mughal Indian Medieval Architecture

Mughal architecture, spanning the 16th to the 19th centuries, is a distinctive style that reflects a fusion of Persian, Islamic, and indigenous Indian elements. The Mughals, who were of Central Asian Turkic-Mongol descent, left an indelible mark on the Indian subcontinent with their grand structures. Here are key features of Mughal architecture:

Red Sandstone and White Marble: Extensively using red sandstone and white marble characterizes Mughal structures. Red sandstone provides a warm and rich color, while white marble adds a touch of elegance. The contrast between these materials is a hallmark of Mughal architecture.
Large Central Domes: Mughal buildings typically feature large, bulbous domes at their centers. These domes, often surrounded by smaller chhatris (pavilions), create a distinctive silhouette. Examples include the Taj Mahal’s central dome and the dome of the Jama Masjid in Delhi.
Symmetry and Balance: Mughal architecture places a strong emphasis on symmetry and balance. In a symmetrical manner, creating a sense of harmony, they meticulously lay out gardens, pavilions, and structures. The Taj Mahal’s garden layout is a prime example.
Pietra Dura Inlay: Intricate inlay work known as pietra dura adorns Mughal buildings.. This technique involves embedding semiprecious stones into marble to create exquisite floral and geometric patterns. The Taj Mahal’s marble facade showcases exceptional pietra dura craftsmanship.
Iwan-Style Gateways: Mughal architecture often incorporates iwan-style gateways, which are large, arched entrances with a central opening. TStructures like the Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri feature gateways inspired by Persian architecture.
Chahar Bagh (Four Gardens): Mughal gardens, recognized as chahar bagh, divide into four quadrants through pathways or water channels.These geometrically arranged gardens, with reflecting pools and fountains, contribute to the overall aesthetic of Mughal complexes.
Minarets and Chhatris: Minarets, tall and slender towers, and chhatris, elevated pavilions with a dome, feature in many Mughal structures. These elements add verticality and visual interest to the architecture. The Taj Mahal has four minarets, one at each corner.
Red Forts: Mughal emperors built several forts using red sandstone, such as the Agra Fort and the Red Fort in Delhi. These forts served as military strongholds and also as imperial residences, featuring impressive palaces and audience halls.
Jali (Lattice) Work: Intricate jali screens made of marble or sandstone are common in Mughal architecture. These screens provide both ornamentation and functionality, allowing the flow of air and light while maintaining privacy. Examples can be seen in the Diwan-i-Khas in the Red Fort.
Mausoleums and Tombs: Mughal emperors built grand mausoleums and tombs to honor themselves and their loved ones. The Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, is the most iconic example of a Mughal mausoleum.

Mughal architecture reached its zenith under emperors like Akbar, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb, leaving behind a legacy of timeless structures that continue to captivate visitors today.

Other Indian Medieval Architecture

Deccani Style

The Deccan Plateau was home to the Deccan Sultanates.
Their architecture was a regional variation of Indo-Islamic architecture, mainly inspired by styles from the Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal architecture, but also from Persia and Central Asia on occasion.
Bahmani Monuments at Gulbarga, Karnataka. Bahmani and Barid Shahi Monuments at Bidar, Karnataka. Adil Shashi Monuments at Bijapur, Karnataka, etc are examples.

Sikh Style Architecture

The Sikh architectural style evolved in the modern-day Punjab region.
It was heavily influenced by the Mughal architectural style.
It involved the erection of many chhatris (kiosks) on top of the structure.
Shallow cornices, fluted domes with brass and copper guilds were used as ornaments.
Arches were embellished with a variety of foliations.

Significance of Indian Medieval Architecture

Indian medieval architecture is significant for its diverse and rich blend of Islamic, indigenous, and regional influences. It reflects the cultural synthesis of various dynasties, showcasing unique styles, innovative engineering, and the evolution of architectural forms over the centuries. The period’s structures, such as the Qutub Minar and the Taj Mahal, remain iconic, contributing to India’s architectural heritage.